Estimating the contribution of strong daily export events to total pollutant export from the United States in summer
Identifieur interne : 000077 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 000076; suivant : 000078Estimating the contribution of strong daily export events to total pollutant export from the United States in summer
Auteurs : YUANYUAN FANG ; Arlene M. Fiore ; Larry W. Horowitz ; Anand Gnanadesikan ; Hiram Ii Levy ; YONGTAO HU ; Armistead G. RussellSource :
- Journal of geophysical research [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2009.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Exportation, Polluant, Eté, Exposition, Variabilité, Monoxyde carbone, Monoxyde de carbone, Traceur, Modèle, Ozone, Loi normale, Ecart type, Foyer, Moyenne mobile, Statistique, Anomalie, Pression superficielle, Distribution pression, Moyenne latitude, Circulation, Transport grande distance, Haute pression, Source, Printemps, Météorologie, Etats Unis, Golfe du Saint Laurent.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Carbon monoxide, Gaussian distribution, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Long-range transport, Mid latitude, Pressure distribution, Spring(season), Summer, Surface pressure, United States, anomalies, carbon monoxide, circulation, exhibits, export, focus, high pressure, meteorology, models, moving average, ozone, pollutants, springs, standard deviation, statistics, tracers, variability.
Abstract
[1] While the export of pollutants from the United States exhibits notable variability from day to day and is often considered to be "episodic," the contribution of strong daily export events to total export has not been quantified. We use carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer of anthropogenic pollutants in the Model of OZone And Related Tracers (MOZART) to estimate this contribution. We first identify the major export pathway from the United States to be through the northeast boundary (24-48°N along 67.5°W and 80-67.5°W along 48°N), and then analyze 15 summers of daily CO export fluxes through this boundary. These daily CO export fluxes have a nearly Gaussian distribution with a mean of 1100 Gg CO day-1 and a standard deviation of 490 Gg CO day-1. To focus on the synoptic variability, we define a "synoptic background" export flux equal to the 15 day moving average export flux and classify strong export days according to their fluxes relative to this background. As expected from Gaussian statistics, 16% of summer days are "strong export days," classified as those days when the CO export flux exceeds the synoptic background by one standard deviation or more. Strong export days contributes 25% to the total export, a value determined by the relative standard deviation of the CO flux distribution. Regressing the anomalies of the CO export flux through the northeast U.S. boundary relative to the synoptic background on the daily anomalies in the surface pressure field (also relative to a 15 day running mean) suggests that strong daily export fluxes are correlated with passages of midlatitude cyclones over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The associated cyclonic circulation and Warm Conveyor Belts (WCBs) that lift surface pollutants over the northeastern United States have been shown previously to be associated with long-range transport events. Comparison with observations from the 2004 INTEX-NA field campaign confirms that our model captures the observed enhancements in CO outflow and resolves the processes associated with cyclone passages on strong export days. "Moderate export days," defined as days when the CO flux through the northeast boundary exceeds the 15 day running mean by less than one standard deviation, represent an additional 34% of summer days and 40% of total export. These days are also associated with migratory midlatitude cyclones. The remaining 35% of total export occurs on "weak export days" (50% of summer days) when high pressure anomalies occur over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Our findings for summer also apply to spring, when the U.S. pollutant export is typically strongest, with similar contributions to total export and associated meteorology on strong, moderate and weak export days. Although cyclone passages are the primary driver for strong daily export events, export during days without cyclone passages also makes a considerable contribution to the total export and thereby to the global pollutant budget.
Notice en format standard (ISO 2709)
Pour connaître la documentation sur le format Inist Standard.
pA |
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Format Inist (serveur)
NO : | PASCAL 10-0049532 INIST |
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ET : | Estimating the contribution of strong daily export events to total pollutant export from the United States in summer |
AU : | YUANYUAN FANG; FIORE (Arlene M.); HOROWITZ (Larry W.); GNANADESIKAN (Anand); LEVY (Hiram II); YONGTAO HU; RUSSELL (Armistead G.) |
AF : | Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University/Princeton, New Jersey/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut.); Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/Princeton, New Jersey/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut., 5 aut.); School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Atlanta, Georgia/Etats-Unis (6 aut., 7 aut.) |
DT : | Publication en série; Niveau analytique |
SO : | Journal of geophysical research; ISSN 0148-0227; Etats-Unis; Da. 2009; Vol. 114; No. D23; D23302.1-D23302.15; Bibl. 1 p.1/4 |
LA : | Anglais |
EA : | [1] While the export of pollutants from the United States exhibits notable variability from day to day and is often considered to be "episodic," the contribution of strong daily export events to total export has not been quantified. We use carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer of anthropogenic pollutants in the Model of OZone And Related Tracers (MOZART) to estimate this contribution. We first identify the major export pathway from the United States to be through the northeast boundary (24-48°N along 67.5°W and 80-67.5°W along 48°N), and then analyze 15 summers of daily CO export fluxes through this boundary. These daily CO export fluxes have a nearly Gaussian distribution with a mean of 1100 Gg CO day-1 and a standard deviation of 490 Gg CO day-1. To focus on the synoptic variability, we define a "synoptic background" export flux equal to the 15 day moving average export flux and classify strong export days according to their fluxes relative to this background. As expected from Gaussian statistics, 16% of summer days are "strong export days," classified as those days when the CO export flux exceeds the synoptic background by one standard deviation or more. Strong export days contributes 25% to the total export, a value determined by the relative standard deviation of the CO flux distribution. Regressing the anomalies of the CO export flux through the northeast U.S. boundary relative to the synoptic background on the daily anomalies in the surface pressure field (also relative to a 15 day running mean) suggests that strong daily export fluxes are correlated with passages of midlatitude cyclones over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The associated cyclonic circulation and Warm Conveyor Belts (WCBs) that lift surface pollutants over the northeastern United States have been shown previously to be associated with long-range transport events. Comparison with observations from the 2004 INTEX-NA field campaign confirms that our model captures the observed enhancements in CO outflow and resolves the processes associated with cyclone passages on strong export days. "Moderate export days," defined as days when the CO flux through the northeast boundary exceeds the 15 day running mean by less than one standard deviation, represent an additional 34% of summer days and 40% of total export. These days are also associated with migratory midlatitude cyclones. The remaining 35% of total export occurs on "weak export days" (50% of summer days) when high pressure anomalies occur over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Our findings for summer also apply to spring, when the U.S. pollutant export is typically strongest, with similar contributions to total export and associated meteorology on strong, moderate and weak export days. Although cyclone passages are the primary driver for strong daily export events, export during days without cyclone passages also makes a considerable contribution to the total export and thereby to the global pollutant budget. |
CC : | 001E; 001E01; 220 |
FD : | Exportation; Polluant; Eté; Exposition; Variabilité; Monoxyde carbone; Monoxyde de carbone; Traceur; Modèle; Ozone; Loi normale; Ecart type; Foyer; Moyenne mobile; Statistique; Anomalie; Pression superficielle; Distribution pression; Moyenne latitude; Circulation; Transport grande distance; Haute pression; Source; Printemps; Météorologie; Etats Unis; Golfe du Saint Laurent |
FG : | Amérique du Nord; Océan Atlantique Nord Américain; Océan Atlantique Nord Ouest; Océan Atlantique Nord; Océan Atlantique |
ED : | export; pollutants; Summer; exhibits; variability; carbon monoxide; Carbon monoxide; tracers; models; ozone; Gaussian distribution; standard deviation; focus; moving average; statistics; anomalies; Surface pressure; Pressure distribution; Mid latitude; circulation; Long-range transport; high pressure; springs; Spring(season); meteorology; United States; Gulf of Saint Lawrence |
EG : | North America; North American Atlantic; Northwest Atlantic; North Atlantic; Atlantic Ocean |
SD : | Exportación; Contaminante; Verano; Carbono monóxido; Trazador; Modelo; Ozono; Curva Gauss; Desviación típica; Estadística; Anomalía; Presión superficial; Distribución presión; Latitud media; Alta presión; Fuente; Primavera; Meteorología; Estados Unidos; Golfo del San Lorenzo |
LO : | INIST-3144.354000186678580150 |
ID : | 10-0049532 |
Links to Exploration step
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<series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of geophysical research</title>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Carbon monoxide</term>
<term>Gaussian distribution</term>
<term>Gulf of Saint Lawrence</term>
<term>Long-range transport</term>
<term>Mid latitude</term>
<term>Pressure distribution</term>
<term>Spring(season)</term>
<term>Summer</term>
<term>Surface pressure</term>
<term>United States</term>
<term>anomalies</term>
<term>carbon monoxide</term>
<term>circulation</term>
<term>exhibits</term>
<term>export</term>
<term>focus</term>
<term>high pressure</term>
<term>meteorology</term>
<term>models</term>
<term>moving average</term>
<term>ozone</term>
<term>pollutants</term>
<term>springs</term>
<term>standard deviation</term>
<term>statistics</term>
<term>tracers</term>
<term>variability</term>
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<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Exportation</term>
<term>Polluant</term>
<term>Eté</term>
<term>Exposition</term>
<term>Variabilité</term>
<term>Monoxyde carbone</term>
<term>Monoxyde de carbone</term>
<term>Traceur</term>
<term>Modèle</term>
<term>Ozone</term>
<term>Loi normale</term>
<term>Ecart type</term>
<term>Foyer</term>
<term>Moyenne mobile</term>
<term>Statistique</term>
<term>Anomalie</term>
<term>Pression superficielle</term>
<term>Distribution pression</term>
<term>Moyenne latitude</term>
<term>Circulation</term>
<term>Transport grande distance</term>
<term>Haute pression</term>
<term>Source</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">[1] While the export of pollutants from the United States exhibits notable variability from day to day and is often considered to be "episodic," the contribution of strong daily export events to total export has not been quantified. We use carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer of anthropogenic pollutants in the Model of OZone And Related Tracers (MOZART) to estimate this contribution. We first identify the major export pathway from the United States to be through the northeast boundary (24-48°N along 67.5°W and 80-67.5°W along 48°N), and then analyze 15 summers of daily CO export fluxes through this boundary. These daily CO export fluxes have a nearly Gaussian distribution with a mean of 1100 Gg CO day<sup>-1</sup>
and a standard deviation of 490 Gg CO day<sup>-1</sup>
. To focus on the synoptic variability, we define a "synoptic background" export flux equal to the 15 day moving average export flux and classify strong export days according to their fluxes relative to this background. As expected from Gaussian statistics, 16% of summer days are "strong export days," classified as those days when the CO export flux exceeds the synoptic background by one standard deviation or more. Strong export days contributes 25% to the total export, a value determined by the relative standard deviation of the CO flux distribution. Regressing the anomalies of the CO export flux through the northeast U.S. boundary relative to the synoptic background on the daily anomalies in the surface pressure field (also relative to a 15 day running mean) suggests that strong daily export fluxes are correlated with passages of midlatitude cyclones over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The associated cyclonic circulation and Warm Conveyor Belts (WCBs) that lift surface pollutants over the northeastern United States have been shown previously to be associated with long-range transport events. Comparison with observations from the 2004 INTEX-NA field campaign confirms that our model captures the observed enhancements in CO outflow and resolves the processes associated with cyclone passages on strong export days. "Moderate export days," defined as days when the CO flux through the northeast boundary exceeds the 15 day running mean by less than one standard deviation, represent an additional 34% of summer days and 40% of total export. These days are also associated with migratory midlatitude cyclones. The remaining 35% of total export occurs on "weak export days" (50% of summer days) when high pressure anomalies occur over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Our findings for summer also apply to spring, when the U.S. pollutant export is typically strongest, with similar contributions to total export and associated meteorology on strong, moderate and weak export days. Although cyclone passages are the primary driver for strong daily export events, export during days without cyclone passages also makes a considerable contribution to the total export and thereby to the global pollutant budget.</div>
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<s1>© 2010 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1>
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<fA45><s0>1 p.1/4</s0>
</fA45>
<fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>10-0049532</s0>
</fA47>
<fA60><s1>P</s1>
</fA60>
<fA61><s0>A</s0>
</fA61>
<fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Journal of geophysical research</s0>
</fA64>
<fA66 i1="01"><s0>USA</s0>
</fA66>
<fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>[1] While the export of pollutants from the United States exhibits notable variability from day to day and is often considered to be "episodic," the contribution of strong daily export events to total export has not been quantified. We use carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer of anthropogenic pollutants in the Model of OZone And Related Tracers (MOZART) to estimate this contribution. We first identify the major export pathway from the United States to be through the northeast boundary (24-48°N along 67.5°W and 80-67.5°W along 48°N), and then analyze 15 summers of daily CO export fluxes through this boundary. These daily CO export fluxes have a nearly Gaussian distribution with a mean of 1100 Gg CO day<sup>-1</sup>
and a standard deviation of 490 Gg CO day<sup>-1</sup>
. To focus on the synoptic variability, we define a "synoptic background" export flux equal to the 15 day moving average export flux and classify strong export days according to their fluxes relative to this background. As expected from Gaussian statistics, 16% of summer days are "strong export days," classified as those days when the CO export flux exceeds the synoptic background by one standard deviation or more. Strong export days contributes 25% to the total export, a value determined by the relative standard deviation of the CO flux distribution. Regressing the anomalies of the CO export flux through the northeast U.S. boundary relative to the synoptic background on the daily anomalies in the surface pressure field (also relative to a 15 day running mean) suggests that strong daily export fluxes are correlated with passages of midlatitude cyclones over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The associated cyclonic circulation and Warm Conveyor Belts (WCBs) that lift surface pollutants over the northeastern United States have been shown previously to be associated with long-range transport events. Comparison with observations from the 2004 INTEX-NA field campaign confirms that our model captures the observed enhancements in CO outflow and resolves the processes associated with cyclone passages on strong export days. "Moderate export days," defined as days when the CO flux through the northeast boundary exceeds the 15 day running mean by less than one standard deviation, represent an additional 34% of summer days and 40% of total export. These days are also associated with migratory midlatitude cyclones. The remaining 35% of total export occurs on "weak export days" (50% of summer days) when high pressure anomalies occur over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Our findings for summer also apply to spring, when the U.S. pollutant export is typically strongest, with similar contributions to total export and associated meteorology on strong, moderate and weak export days. Although cyclone passages are the primary driver for strong daily export events, export during days without cyclone passages also makes a considerable contribution to the total export and thereby to the global pollutant budget.</s0>
</fC01>
<fC02 i1="01" i2="3"><s0>001E</s0>
</fC02>
<fC02 i1="02" i2="2"><s0>001E01</s0>
</fC02>
<fC02 i1="03" i2="2"><s0>220</s0>
</fC02>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Exportation</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>export</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Exportación</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Polluant</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>pollutants</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Contaminante</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Eté</s0>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Summer</s0>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Verano</s0>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Exposition</s0>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>exhibits</s0>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Variabilité</s0>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>variability</s0>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Monoxyde carbone</s0>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>carbon monoxide</s0>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Monoxyde de carbone</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Carbon monoxide</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Carbono monóxido</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Traceur</s0>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>tracers</s0>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Trazador</s0>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Modèle</s0>
<s5>09</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>models</s0>
<s5>09</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Modelo</s0>
<s5>09</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Ozone</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>ozone</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Ozono</s0>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Loi normale</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Gaussian distribution</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Curva Gauss</s0>
<s5>11</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Ecart type</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>standard deviation</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Desviación típica</s0>
<s5>12</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Foyer</s0>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>focus</s0>
<s5>13</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Moyenne mobile</s0>
<s5>14</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="14" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>moving average</s0>
<s5>14</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="15" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Statistique</s0>
<s5>15</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="15" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>statistics</s0>
<s5>15</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="15" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Estadística</s0>
<s5>15</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="16" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Anomalie</s0>
<s5>16</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="16" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>anomalies</s0>
<s5>16</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="16" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Anomalía</s0>
<s5>16</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="17" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pression superficielle</s0>
<s5>17</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="17" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Surface pressure</s0>
<s5>17</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="17" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Presión superficial</s0>
<s5>17</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="18" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Distribution pression</s0>
<s5>18</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="18" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Pressure distribution</s0>
<s5>18</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="18" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Distribución presión</s0>
<s5>18</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="19" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Moyenne latitude</s0>
<s5>19</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="19" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Mid latitude</s0>
<s5>19</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="19" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Latitud media</s0>
<s5>19</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="20" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Circulation</s0>
<s5>20</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="20" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>circulation</s0>
<s5>20</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="21" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Transport grande distance</s0>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="21" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Long-range transport</s0>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="22" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Haute pression</s0>
<s5>22</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="22" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>high pressure</s0>
<s5>22</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="22" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Alta presión</s0>
<s5>22</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="23" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Source</s0>
<s5>23</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="23" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>springs</s0>
<s5>23</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="23" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Fuente</s0>
<s5>23</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="24" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Printemps</s0>
<s5>24</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="24" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Spring(season)</s0>
<s5>24</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="24" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Primavera</s0>
<s5>24</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="25" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Météorologie</s0>
<s5>25</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="25" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>meteorology</s0>
<s5>25</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="25" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Meteorología</s0>
<s5>25</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="26" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Etats Unis</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>61</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="26" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>United States</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>61</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="26" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Estados Unidos</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>61</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="27" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Golfe du Saint Laurent</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>63</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="27" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>Gulf of Saint Lawrence</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>63</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="27" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Golfo del San Lorenzo</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
<s5>63</s5>
</fC03>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Amérique du Nord</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>North America</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>America del norte</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Océan Atlantique Nord Américain</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>North American Atlantic</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Océan Atlantique Nord Ouest</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>Northwest Atlantic</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Océan Atlantique Nord</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>North Atlantic</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Océano Atlántico Norte</s0>
<s2>NG</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Océan Atlantique</s0>
<s2>564</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>Atlantic Ocean</s0>
<s2>564</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Océano Atlántico</s0>
<s2>564</s2>
</fC07>
<fN21><s1>032</s1>
</fN21>
<fN44 i1="01"><s1>OTO</s1>
</fN44>
<fN82><s1>OTO</s1>
</fN82>
</pA>
</standard>
<server><NO>PASCAL 10-0049532 INIST</NO>
<ET>Estimating the contribution of strong daily export events to total pollutant export from the United States in summer</ET>
<AU>YUANYUAN FANG; FIORE (Arlene M.); HOROWITZ (Larry W.); GNANADESIKAN (Anand); LEVY (Hiram II); YONGTAO HU; RUSSELL (Armistead G.)</AU>
<AF>Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University/Princeton, New Jersey/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut.); Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/Princeton, New Jersey/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut., 5 aut.); School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Atlanta, Georgia/Etats-Unis (6 aut., 7 aut.)</AF>
<DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT>
<SO>Journal of geophysical research; ISSN 0148-0227; Etats-Unis; Da. 2009; Vol. 114; No. D23; D23302.1-D23302.15; Bibl. 1 p.1/4</SO>
<LA>Anglais</LA>
<EA>[1] While the export of pollutants from the United States exhibits notable variability from day to day and is often considered to be "episodic," the contribution of strong daily export events to total export has not been quantified. We use carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer of anthropogenic pollutants in the Model of OZone And Related Tracers (MOZART) to estimate this contribution. We first identify the major export pathway from the United States to be through the northeast boundary (24-48°N along 67.5°W and 80-67.5°W along 48°N), and then analyze 15 summers of daily CO export fluxes through this boundary. These daily CO export fluxes have a nearly Gaussian distribution with a mean of 1100 Gg CO day<sup>-1</sup>
and a standard deviation of 490 Gg CO day<sup>-1</sup>
. To focus on the synoptic variability, we define a "synoptic background" export flux equal to the 15 day moving average export flux and classify strong export days according to their fluxes relative to this background. As expected from Gaussian statistics, 16% of summer days are "strong export days," classified as those days when the CO export flux exceeds the synoptic background by one standard deviation or more. Strong export days contributes 25% to the total export, a value determined by the relative standard deviation of the CO flux distribution. Regressing the anomalies of the CO export flux through the northeast U.S. boundary relative to the synoptic background on the daily anomalies in the surface pressure field (also relative to a 15 day running mean) suggests that strong daily export fluxes are correlated with passages of midlatitude cyclones over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The associated cyclonic circulation and Warm Conveyor Belts (WCBs) that lift surface pollutants over the northeastern United States have been shown previously to be associated with long-range transport events. Comparison with observations from the 2004 INTEX-NA field campaign confirms that our model captures the observed enhancements in CO outflow and resolves the processes associated with cyclone passages on strong export days. "Moderate export days," defined as days when the CO flux through the northeast boundary exceeds the 15 day running mean by less than one standard deviation, represent an additional 34% of summer days and 40% of total export. These days are also associated with migratory midlatitude cyclones. The remaining 35% of total export occurs on "weak export days" (50% of summer days) when high pressure anomalies occur over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Our findings for summer also apply to spring, when the U.S. pollutant export is typically strongest, with similar contributions to total export and associated meteorology on strong, moderate and weak export days. Although cyclone passages are the primary driver for strong daily export events, export during days without cyclone passages also makes a considerable contribution to the total export and thereby to the global pollutant budget.</EA>
<CC>001E; 001E01; 220</CC>
<FD>Exportation; Polluant; Eté; Exposition; Variabilité; Monoxyde carbone; Monoxyde de carbone; Traceur; Modèle; Ozone; Loi normale; Ecart type; Foyer; Moyenne mobile; Statistique; Anomalie; Pression superficielle; Distribution pression; Moyenne latitude; Circulation; Transport grande distance; Haute pression; Source; Printemps; Météorologie; Etats Unis; Golfe du Saint Laurent</FD>
<FG>Amérique du Nord; Océan Atlantique Nord Américain; Océan Atlantique Nord Ouest; Océan Atlantique Nord; Océan Atlantique</FG>
<ED>export; pollutants; Summer; exhibits; variability; carbon monoxide; Carbon monoxide; tracers; models; ozone; Gaussian distribution; standard deviation; focus; moving average; statistics; anomalies; Surface pressure; Pressure distribution; Mid latitude; circulation; Long-range transport; high pressure; springs; Spring(season); meteorology; United States; Gulf of Saint Lawrence</ED>
<EG>North America; North American Atlantic; Northwest Atlantic; North Atlantic; Atlantic Ocean</EG>
<SD>Exportación; Contaminante; Verano; Carbono monóxido; Trazador; Modelo; Ozono; Curva Gauss; Desviación típica; Estadística; Anomalía; Presión superficial; Distribución presión; Latitud media; Alta presión; Fuente; Primavera; Meteorología; Estados Unidos; Golfo del San Lorenzo</SD>
<LO>INIST-3144.354000186678580150</LO>
<ID>10-0049532</ID>
</server>
</inist>
</record>
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